Department of Anatomy

AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE & HEALTH SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN ANATOMY PROGRAMME

The general philosophy of the programme is to produce graduates of high academic standing with adequate practical exposure in ALL aspect of Anatomical sciences who can function adequately in the medical education process, complement ancillary laboratory medical services to the greater society and develop entrepreneurial expertise in related disciplines.

OBJECTIVES OF THE HUMAN ANATOMY PROGRAMME

The programme will be sufficiently broad-based to lead to the production of graduates who will be able to perform the following functions:

• Teach Anatomy courses to B.Sc. Anatomy, Medical, Dental, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Pharmacy, Medical Laboratory Sciences students and those of other related disciplines.

• Acquire competence in the use of basic laboratory equipment.

• Demonstrate with an acceptable degree of manual dexterity, on the normal living subject, the position, extent and functional integrity of organ and systems.

• Identify the position extent of normal structures in radiographs, contrast studies, air studies, angiograms and osteology materials.

(e)     Promote anatomy as a subject through research that will lead to the acquisition of higher qualifications such as M. Sc. and Ph. D. degrees.

Regulations for the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Anatomy

1. Degree in View

Bachelor of Science

2. Duration of Course

Four years

3. Admission Requirements

The requirements are as listed hereunder:

(a)      Candidate must satisfy the prescribed minimum requirements for admission into degree programme of the College.

(b)      Candidates must have five credit passes in the Senior School Certificate or its             equivalent in:

(i)       English Language

(ii)      Biology

(iii)     Chemistry

(iv)     Mathematics

(v)      Physics

(vi)     And any one of the following Economics, Geography and Agric Science at one sitting.

4. UTME SUBJECTS

English Language, Physics, Chemistry and Biology

The Programme:

1. A programme of study shall be provided leading to the award of bachelor’s degree to be denoted by letters B.Sc. which shall be awarded with honours or as a pass degree.
2. Instruction shall be by courses, both within and outside the Department. Candidates will be required to register for a combination of courses as recommended by the Board of the Faculty and approved by Senate.
3. Course shall be evaluated in terms of course units.
4. There shall be four levels of course number 101-199; 201-299; 301-399; 401-499.

Course members shall be prefixed by the letter “ANA”.

5. The normal number of semesters for the award of honours degree shall be eight.

Award of Degree:

            (a)      The degree of Bachelor of Science (Anatomy) will be awarded with honours provided the candidate obtains a Cumulative Grade Point Average of not less than 1.5 or take more than 12 semesters but not more than 16 semesters shall be awarded a Third class.

(b)      The Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) shall be used for the determination of the class of degree.

            Grades

(a)      Grades to be used for the candidates who satisfactorily complete the requirements of a course by the end of the semester are:

• The class of the degree of acandidate who has successfully completed his/her course of studies shall be determined as follows:

• The list of successful candidates shall be published with the following classification: First Class Honours, Second Class Honours (Upper and Lower Division) and Third Class Honours with the names arranged alphabetically.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HUMAN ANATOMY (B. Sc. Hons)

100 – LEVEL FIRST SEMESTER COURSE OUTLINE

100 LEVEL SECOND SEMESTER

200 – LEVEL FIRST SEMESTER

200 – LEVEL SECOND SEMESTER

300 – LEVEL FIRST SEMESTER

300 – LEVEL SECOND SEMESTER

400 – LEVEL FIRST SEMESTER

400 – LEVEL SECOND SEMESTER

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HUMAN ANATOMY (B.Sc. Hon)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

100 LEVEL

CHM 101: GENERAL CHEMISTRY I

An introduction to atomic structure.  Development of electronic configuration of the elements.  Stoichiometry and mole concept.  The periodic classification of the elements.  General study of one or two representative elements of groups in the periodic tables with emphasis on similarities and differences based on position of the elements.  Radioactivity and its applications.  Structure of solids.

Fundamental chemical principles: the gas law, Kinetic theory of gases.  Raoult’s laws, Henry’s law and molecular weight determination.  Thermochemistry, Chemical equilibrium, law of mass action, reaction rate and chemical energetics.  Electrochemistry.  Ionic equilibria.  Theory of acids, bases and indicators.  Phase equilibrium study of one and two components systems.

BASIC PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

The theory and practice of simple volumetric and qualitative analysis.  Simple organic preparations, reactions of functional groups and physical determinations.

MAT 101: BASIC MATHEMATICS

(Prerequisite:  O’ Level Mathematics or equivalent) Elementary set theory, subsets, union, intersection, complements, Venn diagrams, real numbers; integers, rational and irrational numbers, mathematical induction, real sequences and series theory of quadratic equations, binomial theorem.  Complex numbers; algebra of complex numbers; the Armand Diagram.  De Moivre’s theorem, nth. Roots of unity.  Circular measure, trigonometric functions of angles of any magnitude, additions and factor formulae.

PHY 101: GENERAL PHYSICS (MECHANICS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER)

Units and dimensions.  Scalars and Vectors.  Linear and circular motion; velocity, acceleration.  Laws of mechanics and gravitation, simple applications.  Conservation of energy, momentum, work, power, simple harmonic motion, simple pendulum.  Moment of inertia Angular momentum; centrifugal and centripetal forces, centrifuges.  Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, Young Modules.  Fluid, pressure, surface tension, viscosity, osmosis; blood pressure and its measurement.

PHY 107:GENERAL PHYSICS LABORATORY I

This introductory course emphasizes quantitative measurements, the treatment of measurement errors and graphical analysis. A variety of experimental techniques will be employed. The experiments includestudies of meters, the oscilloscope mechanical systems, electrical and mechanical resonant systems, light, heat, viscosity, etc. covered in PHY 101.

BIO 101: GENERAL BIOLOGY

Characteristics of living and non-living things.  Scientific methods to biology concepts.  Taxonomy of living organism – Microbes.  Plants including field and herbarium methods.  Morphology and life cycles of phyla and plant kingdoms.  Cell concepts, structure, organization, functions, and chemical and physical characteristics.  Plant and tissues and organism systems.  Elements of biological chemistry – aspects of organic, inorganic and physical chemistry relevant to biology.

BIO 103: ANIMAL BIOLOGY I (LOWER INVERTEBRATES)

The systematic, inter-relationship and basic organization of the invertebrates.

GST 120: SOCIETY, CULTURE & HEALTH

STAT 101: INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS

Permutation and Combination. Concepts and principles of Probability.  Random variables. Probability and distribution Functions.  Basic distributions: Bernoulli, Binomial, Hypergeometric, Poisson and Normal.

GST 113: LOGIC PHILOSOPHY AND HUMAN EXISTENCE

The course, philosophy and human Existence, is an introductorycourse to the discipline of philosophy, which was the first discipline in Western scholarship. This course aims at arming the students with the basic conceptual tools of philosophical

analysis. In this respect, students shall be expected to understand the fundamental problems and issues of the discipline.

The course shall seek also to make students understand the various philosophical challenges confronting humanity. Finally, the course shall attempt to introduce the students to the act of philosophical reflections and how such critical reflections can reduce the traumatic effect of those baffling problems of human existence.

GST II5: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Definition of ICT/Computers, development of modern ICT, hardware technology, Software technology, Basic computer terms, features of a computer system, History of computer system, Generation of computer system, functional component of computer system, Communication and internet services, Binary number system, Application Packages: Microsoft word, Excel, PowerPoint.

GST 111: COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH

The course is designed to expose students to the rudiments of English language, as second language learners, to be able to communicate effectively in English language through the learning of Effective communication and writing skills. The course further exposes the students to the art of studying in the university. It teaches language skills, the skills for Writing of Essay answers and aims at teaching the students outline and paragraph development, collection and organization of materials and logical presentation of materials through the knowledge of research methods.

PHY 102: GENERAL PHYSICS II (ELECTRICITY,MAGNETISM,WAVE OPTICS AND MODERN PHYSICS)

Electric charge, Coulomb’s law, Electric field, Electrostatic potential.  Energy in electric field, capacitors.  Dielectrics.  Electric current, potential difference and electromotive forces, Ohm’s law, potentiometer, metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge, magnetic effects of currents; permanent magnetism, earth’s magnetic field.  Faraday’s law of induction, generators and electric motor.  Alternation current; Maxwells equation,

PHY 104: GENERAL PHYSICS IV (WAVES, OPTICS AND MODERN PHYSICS) Structure of the atom, radioactivity, X-rays, applications in life sciences, Nuclear energy. Concepts of heat, temperature: measurement of temperature, clinical thermometer.  Heat capacity, specific heat, latent heat; calorimetry. Conduction, convection, radiation, sound waves, intensity, pitch and quality of sound.    Propagation of sound in solids, liquids and gases. The eye, reflection and rarefaction of light, plane and spherical mirrors, thin lenses; optical instruments.  The eye, defects of vision and their corrections. Wave nature of light, interference, diffraction.  Velocity of light.

PHY 108: PHYSICS LABORATORY PRACTICES II (ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM)

Practical Exercises for all the Physics course above.Molecular treatment of properties of matter, elasticity.Hooke’s law. Young’s, shear and bulk modulli. Hydrostatics: Pressure: buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principles. Hydrodynamics:

Streamline Bernoulli and continuity equations, turbulence. Reynolds’s number, viscosity: laminar flow, Poiseuille’s equation Surface tension: Adhesion, cohesion, capillarity, drops and bubbles. Temperature: the zeroth law of thermodynamics: heat: gas laws of thermodynamics: kinetic theory of gases. Applications.

CHM 102: GENERAL CHEMISTRYIIHistorical survey of the development and importance of organic chemistry.Nomenclature and classes of organic compounds; Homologous series; Functional groups; Isolation and Purification of organic compounds.Qualitative organic chemistry; stereo – chemistry. Determination of structure of organic compounds: Electronic theory in organic chemistry Valance Forces: Structure of Solids. The chemistry of selected metals and non-metals, Qualitative analysis.

A brief study of staturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, cyclichydrocarbons, alcohols, alkylhalides, esthers, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, animes and aromatic compounds.  Comparison of phenols, arylhalides and aromatic amines with their aliphatic analogs.  Common synthetic polymers and their uses.  Introduction to oils and fats and stereo isomerism.

BIO 102: GENERAL BIOLOGY II (PROTOCHORDATES AND CHORDATES) Genetics and its scope.  Mendel and his laws of inheritance.  Physical and chemical basis of inheritance.  Man as an object of genetics.  Modifications of classical Mendelian ratios.  Heredity and environment.  Probability and the chi square test Quantitative and multiple allelic inheritance.  Sex development, sex linkage and sex abnormalities.  Mutations, Heredity, Eugenics and the future of mankind.

Cellular metabolism.  Physiology and living organisms in plants.  Development, Growth and Differentiation in plants.  Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution.  Living organismsand Environment.Vertebrate systematics, evolution and functional anatomy; geographical distribution of recent vertebrates; the Nigeria vertebrate fauna.

(PRACTICAL)

The description of parts of the (microscope) and its uses. The form and organization of micro-organism (Bacteria, fungi viruses and protozoa).  The morphology of plants: lower plants (angiosperm), higher plants (herbaceous plants).  The external morphology of invertebrates (mainly arthropods); Dissection techniques in lower forms (e.g. Earthworms and insects). Histological techniques, plants, Enzymes and nutrition.  External morphology of vertebrates (fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds mammals) Dissection techniques: Toad, Mammals.  Preparation of skeletons and study of vertebrate skeletal structures.

GST 112: USE OF LIBRARY AND STUDY SKILLS

The use of library to facilitate the Pursuit of Knowledge they are provided appropriate and timely access to the Library’s Collections and other resource. This will encourage and enable them as Individuals to become fully developed as lifelong retriever, evaluators, and users of Information.

GST 114: NIGERIAN PEOPLE AND CULTURE

Study of Nigerian’s history, culture and arts in pre-colonial times, Nigerian’s perception of his world, culture areas of Nigeria and their characteristics, Evolution of Nigeria as a political unit, Indigene/settler phenomenon, Concepts of trade, economic self-reliance, Social Justice, Individual and national development, norms and values, Negative attitudes and conducts (cultism and related vices), re-orientation of moral and national values, Morals  obligation of citizens, Environmental problems.

AFE 116: INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The course is designed to expose students to the rudiments of business in order to help them develop entrepreneurship skills for economic self-reliance. Exposure to the numerous business opportunities, how new ventures are started, sources of entrepreneurial ideas, case studies of local and international entrepreneurs and their success tips, possible business opportunities in Nigeria and the importance of entrepreneurship to national development, should be able to motivate students to start small scale business of their own during and their University education.

AFE 124: LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

200 LEVEL

ANA 201: GROSS ANATOMY OF THE UPPER EXTRIMITIES

Gross anatomy of Pectoral Region, Axilla, the breast, Brachial Plexus, Arm, Forearm, Cubital Fossa, Carpal Tunnel, Hand, Nerve Injuries, Shoulder joint and its anastomosis, Elbow joint and its anastomosis and Wrist Joint and its anastomosis. Osteology of the bones of the upper extremities.VascularAnastomosis and Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast and Upper Limb.

ANA 211: GROSS ANATOMY OF THE LOWER EXTRIMITIES

Osteology of lower limb bones, femoral triangles, hip joint and anastomosis,

Front and medial sides of the thigh, gluteal region, back of the thigh and popliteal fossa, knee joint and anastomosis, leg, sole of foot, bones and joints of the foot, Gaits and its abnormalities, Surface Anatomy, Applied and Regional Anatomy of Lower Limbs.

ANA 203: HISTOLOGY BASIC TISSUES

Introduction to Histology, methods and techniques in histology, microscope, epithelial tissues, connective tissues, histology of cartilage, histology of bone, histology of the skin, histology of the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT).

ANA 205: GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

Gametogenesis, cyclic changes in the female genital tract, fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst, gastrulation and formation of germ layers, segmentation of mesoderm, folding of embryo fetal membranes, umbilical cord and placentation.  Development of limbs and teratology. Developmental anomalies and clinical syndromes.

ANA 209: HUMAN GENETICS

Fundamental human genetic principles, variation in gene expression in man, patterns of inheritances in families (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, Y-linked and sex influenced).  Cytogenetics, types and classification of human chromosomes, methods of preparation of Human chromosomes and Karyotyping.  Types of numerical and structural chromosome aberrations and their causes.  Gene Hybridization, Human Genomic Studies.

PHS 201: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY, BODY FLUIDS.

Homeostasis, Physiological variations, Cell Physiology.  Membrane potentials.  Physiology of Body fluids.  Composition, Properties Function, Production, Fate and clinical applications of Blood.  The heart and vascular system and their function in health and disease

PHS 203: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY

Heart – properties and function of cardiac muscle. Regulation of heart rate and cardiac output. Baroreceptor and control of arterial blood pressure. Regional circulation: heart, brain haemorrhage, exercises, posture. Organization and structure of aorta and large arteries and arterioles – as resistance vessels, capillaries – as sites of tissue fluid exchange.

BCH 201: MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY I

Introduction to biochemistry and its role in Medical practice, Summary of integrated metabolism of food maromolecules and energy generation.Dissociation of water; acids and bases; pH and buffers; Henderson-Haselbach equation, Preparation of solutions. The carbohydrates-Introduction & classification; physicaland chemical properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Isomerism and epimerism ofcarbohydrates; reducing and non-reducing sugars. The fatty acids-structure; saturated and unsaturated fatty acids;prostaglandins; The lipids: general introduction and classification; structure and functions of various lipids.

Amino acids and proteins: General introduction and classification of amino acids; functional classification of proteins,primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins, Simple methods for the  isolation,  separation, purification,identification and characterization of proteins.

Principles of instrumentation.   Theory and application of some basic biochemical techniques and instruments.  Thenature, properties and classification of enzymes; coenzymes and cofactors; factors affecting enzyme action; enzymekinetics, effects ofinhibitors and activators on enzyme activity; allosteric effects.  Enzyme assay in clinical medicine.

Nucleic acids-General introduction; purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides; chemistry and function ofnucleic acids. The structure of DNA and RNA. Glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle; pentose phosphate pathway; uronic acid pathway and their biochemical importance. Gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis; metabolism of galactose and fructose.  Diseases of carbohydrate metabolism. Galactosaemia, fructosuria etc. β- Oxidation of fatty acids and other minor acids: Transamination, deamination, essentialand non-essential amino acids,

GST 201: PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

The course discuss the meaning, stages and causes of conflict. It also examines the conceptual definition of peace. It also discusses the rationale for the study of peace and conflict resolution in tertiary institutions. In addition the course exposes participants to various concepts in peace and conflict studies such as conflict management, peacemaking, peace-building, conflict transformation, etc.

The courses also discusses in detail other topical issues in peace and conflict studies such as multi-track diplomacy, communication in peace studies, refugee generation in contemporary African States, conflict management in traditional African society, etc. Dialogue/arbitration in conflict resolution, Role of international organizations in conflict resolution, e.g. ECOWAS, African Union, United Nations, etc.

GST 203: GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL INSTITUTION

The course, Government and political Institution in Nigeria aims at giving the students the background history to the political life of Nigeria. The course also aims at exposing the student to the constitutional development in Nigeria. The student are exposed to know the system of administration during the colonial period. Also the students shall be expected to understand the emergence and development of political parties.

GST 212: INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS

Introduction to entrepreneurship and new venture creation; Entrepreneurship in theory and practice;The opportunity, Forms of business, Staffing, Marketing and the new venture; Determining capital requirements, Raising capital; Financial planning and management; Starting a new business, Feasibility studies; Innovation; Legal Issues; Insurance and environmental considerations. Possible business opportunities in Nigeria.

CST 261: INFORMATION COMMUNICATION & BIOINFORMATICS

ANA 202: GROSS ANATOMY OF THORAX, ABDOMEN

Thoracic wall, pleura, lungs, Heart and Coronary Vessels mediastinum and diaphragm. Anterior abdominal wall and hernia, external genitalia, peritoneum, stomach and intestines, blood supply.  Gut, Liver, Pancreas, Spleen, Kidneys and Suprarenal.  Pelvis and Perineum:  Male and female perineum, pelvic wall and floor, pelvic peritoneum, viscera, nerves and vessels.  Surface Anatomy, Radiological Anatomy.

ANA 212: GROSS ANATOMY OF PELVIC & PERINEUM

Pelvis and Perineum:  Male and female perineum, pelvic wall and floor, pelvic peritoneum, viscera, nerves and vessels, Prostate gland, fallopian tube, uterus, lumbosacral plexus, ovaries, anatomy of the rectum, anal canal, urinary bladder   Surface, pudendal nerves. Applied anatomy of pelvis and perineum

ANA 204:  SYSTEMATIC HISTOLOGY (ORGANOLOGY)

Cardiovascular system, skin, gland of the skin, Structure of the nails and hair.  Respiratory system.  Digestive system. Urinary and genital systems.  Electron micrograph studies of each organ.

ANA 206: SYSTEMATIC EMBRYOLOGY (ORGANOGENESIS)

Development of Cardiovascular system, Integumentary system, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Urogenital system. Developmental anomalies and clinical syndromes.

BCH 204: MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY III:

Blood: general properties and functions; Red cell metabolism; blood plasma and plasma proteins- separation andfunctions.   The cascade mechanism of blood clotting and

associated deficiency diseases.  Blood group substances.  Haemoglobin: structure, properties and functions.  Thehaemoglobinopathies-HbS, thalassaemias, etc. Haem metabolism.

Biochemical  changes  and  assessment  of  liver  function.    Transport  of  oxygen  andcarbon (iv) oxide.  Muscle fatigueand oxygen debt. Biochemistry of muscle action. The molecular basis of muscular dystrophy.  Surfactants.

Biosynthesis of fatty acids, triacylglycerols and phospholipids.    Blood lipids: chylomocrons, lipoproteins, lipidmetabolism in adipose tissue.  Fatty liver. Biosythesis of cholesterol, transportation and catabolism.   Bile acids and bilesalts.   The cell membrane: structure, assembly and function.

Principles and nutritional biochemistry.  Energy aspects of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the specific dynamic action(SDA).  Nutritional requirement for infants, and adults. The major nutritional disorders-Kwashiokor, marasmus, obesity,etc. Structure and functions of lipid soluble vitamins, A,D,E,K and water soluble vitamins, C, and B-group and their co-enzyme functions.

Calcium and phosphorus-their importance, functions and metabolism.  Iron-sources, requirements, absorption,distribution in the body, biochemical; function, excretion, deficiency, anaemia, haemochromatosis.  The trace elements:Mg2+;  Mn2+; Cu2+; Zn2+; Li2+; S, Co, Cr, Fl-  etc.

Biochemical functions of the kidney.  Renal function tests.  Water and the major ions:-

H+,    Na+, K+,  Cl-,    HCO3etc.    Fluid intake and output.   Total body water distribution,regulation of water balance. Urinalysis.  Normal  and abnormal constituents of urine.

Renal regulation of acid/base balance.  Principles of renal dialysis.  Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

PHS 202: GATSROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

Gastrointestinal tract, innervations and visceral sensations of the Gut, mobility and secretions gastro-intestinal hormones, pancreatic and biliary secretions, its adaptability to absorption of carbohydrates, proteins nucleic acids, fat, water, mineral etc. liver function tests. Salivary glands, swallowing, peristalsis, the stomach and its functions, Clinical tests of gastric activity, small intestine functions and control.  The pancreas.  Bile-composition and function, Liver functions, Intestinal digestion absorption and movements. Defecation. Clinical application.

PHS 204: PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AND ENDOCRINE ORGANS

Male and Female reproductive apparatus, Nervous Coordination, Sexual Hormone, Pregnancy, Lactation and Contraption. Integrative function, Hypothalamo-pituitary connection, Thyroid Physiology, Adrenal Hormones, Pancreatic Hormone, Parathyroid Hormones. Integrative functions and malfunction of Hypothalamo-pituitary connections, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreatic, Parathyroid and other hormones with clinical significance.

PHS 206: HAEMATOLOGY

To study blood groups, composition and characteristics of blood cells and plasma under normal and diseased conditions, and methods of determining these. Content: Standard measurements and normal values in the studies of blood cells; origin, development, function, replacement and fate of blood cells as well as factors influencing erythropoiesis and the number of circulating leucocytes in health; The chemical composition of blood cells, synthesis and breakdown of haemoglobin; the haemoglobic systems; laboratory investigation of bleeding disorders, blood groups; plasma, structure and the functions of plasma proteins.

AFE 208: INTRODUCTION TO AGRICILTURAL SCIENCE

Methods of Farming in ancient and modern agric. Management and production of agricultural produce.Role of Agriculture in the Nigeria. Economic Issues on sustainable agricultural development. Analytical treatment of government policies (past and present) in relation to economic problems in Agriculture.Problems affecting agriculture in the Nigeria and developing Countries in general.The professional Agriculture.

300 LEVEL

ANA 301: GROSS ANATOMY OF HEAD, NECK AND BACK

Head and Neck:  Face and Scalp, Back and Spinal Cord, Cranial Cavity, Orbit, Parotid, Temporal and infratemporal regions, triangles of neck, submandibular region, nerves and vessels in deep dissection of neck, thyroid and parathyroid, pre-vertbral region and joints of neck, mouth and tongue, pharynx, palato-nasal cavity and sinuses, larynx, ear and eye.

ANA 303: NEUROANATOMY

Meninges, base of brain and blood supply, hindbrain, medulla, pons, cerebellum and 4^th ventricle, midbrain, diencephalon and third ventricle, cerebral hemispheres, sulci and gyri, internal structure of cerebrum and lateral ventricle, basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus, synapses and reflex arcs.  Sensory and ascending pathways, motor and descending pathways, Cerebella connections – pathways for hearing, smell and vision.  Autonomic nervous system. Radiological and applied anatomy of the Head and Neck, Brain and Spinal Cord.

ANA 305: HISTOLOGY OF SPECIAL SENSES & NEUROHISTOLOGY

Neurohistology:  Spinal Cord, Brain stem, cerebrum and cerebellum.  Organs of Special Sense:  Sensory receptors, eyes, ear and nose. Histology of Endocrine organs.

ANA 307: NEUROEMBRYOLOGY & DEVELOPMENT OF PHARYNGEAL APPARATUS

Development of the face, pharyngeal derivatives and teratology. Development of nervous system and sense organs. Developmental anomalies and clinical syndromes.

ANA 309:  LABORATORY WORK EXPERIENCE (SIWES I)

The student shall be attached to a relevant diagnostic laboratory, fertility centres, histopathology centres, research institutes, teaching hospitals, radiographic centres to provide opportunity for acquisition of practical on-the-job experience in line with the objectives of the entrepreneurial studies.

ANA 311:  MICROSCOPY AND HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

The practical step by step method of tissue processing for light microscope study shall be taught and demonstrated.  The principles and techniques for the use of advance light microscopes will be taught and where possible demonstrated i.e. Polarizing Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope, Interference Microscope, Dark-Field Microscope, and Ultraviolet Microscope.

BCH 313: MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY III

Biochemical functions of the gastrointestinal tract.  Deficiency diseases of hormones. Principles and methods ofhormonal assay.  Introduction to neurobiochemistry.  The neuron: structure, composition and metabolism.  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): formation and function. Neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms.   Metabolic antagonism inneurobiochemistry.  Biochemistry of ageing and diseases such as cancer, AIDS, Sickle

cell disease etc.  Neurology and psychiatry.  Metabolism of drugs and other foreign compounds.  Induction of microsomalenzymes and principles of drug resistance.  DNA replication and trascription.   The genetic code and proteinsynthesis.   Regulation of gene expression:  The operon concept, enzyme induction and repression. Genetic Engineering, gene cloning, application of recombinant DNA technology.  Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines,nucleosides and nucleotides.   Catabolism of purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides.

PHS 301: RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

The respiratory tracts: structure and function. Pulmonary gas exchange, mechanics of respiration, compliance, surfactant, lung volumes and capacities intake and delivery of respiratory gases with reference to “2 and” transport. Pulmonary function test. Response to hypoxia, high altitude, exercises etc. Artificial respiration, Chemical and neural control of respiration.Physiological anatomy, Lung Volumes, Breathing, gas exchange, acid base balance, Adaptation to abnormal environments.  Metabolic rate and temperature regulation.

PHS 303: RENAL PHYSIOLOGY, BODY FLUID AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Physiologic anatomy of Urine formation, acid base balance, Kidney function tests.  Diuretics. Kidney as it relates to temperature regulation and haemostasis. Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System.

PHS 305: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Central nervous systems.  Organization and structure, Reflex Arc, the neuron, impulse synapses, neurotransmitters, Sensory System, Motor System, Posture, Locomotion, Speech, Sleep – Walking mechanism, the Hypothalamus, E.E.G. function of CNS.  Special Senses – Structure of the eye, visual system, visual defects, auditory system, Structure of the ear Deafness, receptors, Physiology of olfaction.

PHA 305:INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY (GENERAL AND AUTONOMIC)

Introduction: History of Pharmacology and relationship of Pharmacology to other Pharmaceutical and clinical subjects. Pharmacology Textbooks and journals. Definition and sources of Drugs. Routes of Drug Administration. Drug Absorption,Distribution, Elimination and factors affecting them. Enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition. Mechanisms of drug action – Receptor and non-receptor theory. Drug dosage and dose response curves. Measurement of some pharmacological parameters.

GST 301: ENTREPRENEURIAL STUDIES I

Some of the ventures to be focused upon include the following:

1. Soap/Detergent, Tooth brushes and Tooth paste making
2. Photography
3. Brick, nails, screws making
4. Dyeing/Textile blocks paste making
5. Rope making
6. Plumbing
7. Vulcanising
8. Brewing
9. Glassware production/Ceramic, production
10. Paper production
11. Water treatment/Conditioning/Packaging
12. Food processing/packaging/preservation
13. Metal working/Fabrication – Steel and aluminum door and windows
14. Training industry
15. Vegetable oil/and Salt extractions
16. Fisheries/Aquaculture
17. Refrigeration/Air conditioning
18. Plastic making

ANA 302: RADIOLOGIC ANATOMY& TECHNIQUES

Basic principles of Radiological imaging of human tissue. Radiological identification of major body structures.  Introduction to modern imaging techniques.  Precautionary measures.

ANA 304:  HISTOCHEMISTRY

Principles and techniques of Histochemistry including Immunocytochemistry. Principles of electron microscopy, Radioimmunoassay and Immunocytochemistry, neuro anatomical research techniques, imaging and radiological techniques for anatomical research, cinetography,

ANA 306: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Cell structure.  Basic concepts and methods in molecular biology.  Application of molecular biology to medical diagnosis and sex-typing, tissue culture and techniques.

ANA 308: EMBRYOLOGICAL MECHNISM, TERATOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES

Types and Causes of Infertility in males and females. Methods of assessing infertility in males and females. Reproductive technologies to include Artificial insemination, Cryo-preservation of oocyte, sperm and embryo. In vitro fertilization. Embryo transfer, Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Ethical issues of reproductive technologies. Comparative mechanism of gastrulation in vertebrates, embryological control mechanism, human tissue histogenesis, principles of teratology and teratogens, specific teratogens, teratogenic formation and embryopathy, common congenital defects.

ANA 312:  RESEARCH METHODS AND RESEARCH ETHICS IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

Definitions:  Types of research.  Preparatory stages:  Literature search, Protocol development, Sampling. Methods for acquisition of data. Basics of data processing.  Report/Manuscript presentation.  Human and animal ethical issues. experimental surgery.

ANA 314: ANIMAL HANDLING & COMPARATIVE MAMMALIAN ANATOMY

Animal House set-up and maintenance. Handling of experimental animals.  Comparative gross anatomy of different categories of experimental animals with human structure.  This shall be done mainly by Dissection/Demonstration. Theories of evolution, origin of life, forms and functions in animal kingdom, vertebrate evolution and geological era, comparative anatomy of mammals, comparative anatomy of primates, paleoanthropology and hominoid biology

PHA 306: SYSTEM PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacology of drugs useful in the management and treatment of respiratory diseases, drugs that affect the renal system, uricosuric agents, gastrointestinal tract pharmacology-diarrhoeal agents, anti-ulcer drugs.

BCH 308: CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY:

Structure of the cell, cell types, cell organelles and functions. Cell signal transduction, cell cycle, cell growth and death. Carcinogenesis.

STAT 312: DEMOGRAPHY AND BIOSTATISTICS   

The principles of population, composition, distribution and growth and those factors that influence them, including the health. Effects of population characteristics and analysis in biostatistic, emphasis will be on students acquiring the necessary skills for the collection and presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. Descriptive statistics: Tabular and Graphical Presentations. Population sample and the Normal Distribution.Design of experiments, introduction to demography in Medicine.Procedures for hypothesis testing, student T-test, analysis of variance, Correlation and regression.

400 LEVEL

ANA 401:  SURFACE AND PROSTHETIC ANATOMY        

Practical cum demonstration exercises to map out surface representations of major internal organs of the body.  Recognition and demonstration of major visible anatomical features of the living human subject. Common engineering materials used in prosthetic and orthotic devices. Kinematics, kinetics and the analysis of normal human body, gait and its weight-bearing characteristics. Orthopaedic disorders relevant to the practice of prosthetics and orthotics.  Essential brain, spinal cord, nerve, muscle anatomy and physiology underlying the initiation, execution, and control of movement. The selected pathologies include myopathies, neuromuscular junction defects, peripheral neuropathies, plexopathies, radiculopathy, disorders of the spinal cord, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cortex.

ANA 403: ANATOMICALMUSEUM TECHNIQUES AND PLASTINATION

Techniques for the preservation of gross anatomical tissues for teaching and research. These will include Embalming and cadaver preservation.  Wet and Dry specimen preparation techniques for the museum set up and maintenance. Principles of embalming, museum pot making, principles of plastination, techniques in plastination, advantages of plastination.

ANA 405: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

History of the electron microscope.  Types of electron microscope. Basic principle of the structure and function of the of the electron microscope. Principle of use, maintenance and repairs of common apparatus and laboratory equipment. Principle of applied and general electronics, circuit diagrams, computer programming. Design, techniques, improvement on existing equipment, review and modification of laboratory methods.

ANA 407: SKELETAL BIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

Lecture cum practical study of major features of bones of the human skeleton.  Measurement of bone parameters and their application to human identification. Biology of human variations and climate adaptation, introduction to physical anthropology, clinical anthropometry.

ANA 409: STEREOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL MORPHOMETRY

The basic principle of Stereology using test systems (grids, points, lines) over planes cut through specimen. The test systems of know; properties. Classic (model-based) and designed-based stereological methods. Uniform random sampling, stereological parameters - volume ratio, mean volume, surface density, numerical density, star volume. Probes-dissector, nucleator. History and development of Morphometry. Importance of Morphometry in Biological Science. Biological Application of Morphometry.  Sampling in Morphometry. Biological Variations.

ANA 411: SPORTS ANATOMY

Definitions and importance of Sports Medicine, Anatomy of Knee, lower Leg, Ankle, Foot. Kinematics and kinetics of the Knee, Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot. Prevention, and Assessment of Knee, lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Conditions such as foot and ankle Sprains, Overuse, Fractures, Ligamentous, Patellar and Related Conditions, Ilio-tibial band Friction Syndrome.  Anatomy of the Shoulder, arm, wrist and hand. Kinematics and kinetics of major muscle Actions of the Shoulder, wrist, and hand. Prevention and Assessment of shoulder, arm, wrist and hand conditions. Sprains, Overuse Conditions, Fractures, Strains, Nerve Entrapment Syndromes and Rehabilitation methods.

ANA 413: SEMINAR TOPICS ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ANATOMY

Under the supervision of a staff, each student is expected to select a topic for detailed study based on literature search. The emphasis should be on recent advances in the field of anatomy. The study shall be presented at a seminar. A write up on the topic shall also be submitted.

ANA 415: LABORATORY WORK EXPERIENCE II (SIWES II)

The student shall be attached to a relevant diagnostic laboratory, fertility centres, histopathology centres, research institutes, teaching hospitals, radiographic centres to provide opportunity for acquisition of practical on-the-job experience in line with the objectives of the entrepreneurial studies.

ANA 402:  ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE

Tissue sample acquisition techniques, tissue processing and examination, photographic recoding of ultrastructural images shall be taught.  Where possible, the practical aspects shall be demonstrated.

ANA 404: INTRODUCTION TO HISTOPATHOLOGY

Definition. Cellular changes in pathological conditions, Degeneration and necrosis, Inflammation, Disturbances of growth to include hyperplasia, neoplasia- benign or malignant, Characteristics of neoplasia, metastasis, Disturbances of circulation. Practical classes should emphasis the identification of pathological lesions.

ANA 406:  INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC SCIENCE

History and Development of Forensic Science, Collection Techniques and Documentation of a crime Scene through, Photographic Evidence and Log recording,Organization and services of a Crime Laboratory,Functions of the Forensic Scientist, Collection and Preservation of Hair and fibre Evidence,Human Remains, Confirmation and Time of Death, Stomach Contents and ocular changes, Processes of Decay, Autopsy Reports, Finger printing, DNA as Indispensible Forensic Science. Forensic Anthropology - Human Bone vs. Animal Bone Skeleton, Comparison of Human Males & Females Ancestry from Skeletal Remains, Determining Types of Trauma from Skeletal Remains, Forensic Serology.Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains and Semen,Collection of Rape Evidence, Toxicology of Alcohol, Techniques and the Significance of Toxicological findings.

ANA 408: INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY    

Definition:  History and exploits of Archaeology. World Archaeological sites.  The contribution of Archaeology to the understanding of human existence and cultures.

ANA 496: B.Sc. ANATOMY FINAL YEAR PROJECT

Students will carry out research work under the supervision of academic staff to be subjected to external examination. 50% of the total mark will accrue from departmental internal presentations and defence while the remaining 50% will accrue from the external examination